مجله جستار های زبانی
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 19، مهر و آبان 1393)

Proverbs are particular types of discourse that function similar to phrases and despite of polylexicality، they possess certain rigidity where the concept، semantically، is stable and has been restructured. However، the most remarkable and considerable aspect is that how proverbs produce the time of experience once addressee listen or read them? And how proverbs create different temporal conditions? Since the process of statement is dynamic and dynamism inevitably has a temporal dimension، how addressee of proverbs، in this interaction، arrives at a new situation? To respond to the above research questions، the current paper has used the semiotic-semantic approach that was propounded by semioticians of the Paris School as «Temporality in Discourses». Relying on this approach as well as using philosophical phenomenology، the temporal system in proverbs would be analyzed. The research intends to show as how addressee of proverbs could transform from the existing stage of suspension to the stage of connection that is an agent of the experience and similarly reaches to the consciousness level so that he could understand the moment. Finally، how the grammatical time where speeches are in «present form» intervenes this process.

Reduplication is a lingual phenomenon some of which are seen in all languages، but some are specific to some languages alone. The current article deals with the reduplication in the Turkish language، especially a kind of partial reduplication. Taking into account the existing data and in relation to the first question of the research، we can say that the complete reduplication in the Turkish language and the reduplication that is termed as ''ETBA'' in the traditional Persian grammar have a similar application and mechanism. The second research question، in a way، is related to a type of partial reduplication in the Turkish language. In this type، some of the initial elements of the words are separated and after getting specific phoneme rejoin the base word hence; lead to change in the meaning with most of them emphasizing on the base or its intensification. In order to respond to the second research question، with due attention to the phoneme that comes in between the reduplicated part and the base word، the current article takes into account a number of formulas to explain the partial reduplication mechanism in the Turkish language and finally presents an ultimate formula. The research data indicates that considering phonetic and phonemic environment it is not enough to provide an explanatory analysis of this kind of reduplication in Turkish; and it seems a further analysis of why a specific phoneme appears between the reduplicated part and the base word is needed taking into account other linguistic factors such as supra-segmental.

The present research deals with the investigation of subject-intransitive verb agreement in Persian. The corpus of this research is consisted of spoken and written utterances. The data are analyzed based on Minimality and Optimality approaches which are both generative in nature، though they have fundamental differences. In this survey، the exception cases of agreement in traditional grammar are analyzed according to Chomsky''s recent Minimalist approach which is syntactic based and Optimal theory which is constraint based. In Minimality، subject-verb agreement involves a relationship between a probe and a local goal in order to determine the unvalued features. But in Optimality، the interaction of constraints determines the optimal candidate of agreement. The findings demonstrate that all the exception cases of agreement are explained based on Minimal approach; In honorific or polite use، the presence of the feature [+HON] causes plural agreement on verb; In subject-less verbs، the probe agrees with null PRO. Moreover، in optimality، the optimal candidate is determined based on extended animacy hierarchy. The results showed that minimal approach is much more efficient than optimality theory in explaining agreement.

For the first time، Julia Kristeva، while exploring Bakhtine''s ideas such as «dialogical logic» and their application to literary texts، introduced the term of «intertextuality». She considered intertextual relations and considerations as rationales in freeing the literary text from a limited semantic system. From then on، Kristeva and other post-structuralists such as Roland Barthes extended many of the ideas associated with «dialogism» and they approved that every literary text have a continuous and solid link with other texts. From this perspective، none of the text is lone and novel rather and emerged and derived from different and plural cultural origins. In this paper، for applying the intertextuality theory to the contemporary Iranian poetry، we have chosen poems of Qeysar Aminpour and believe that intertextual relations and considerations in his poetry have institutionalized a remarkable essence of dialogism and have substantially led to complete the meaning of his text. In other words، we believe that the intertextual considerations and relations in Aminpour''s poetry fulfill two principal functions: «create the character of dialogism» and «help complete the basic implications of meaning». In this paper، apart from explaining the results which are obtained in the light of intertextual reading of Aminpour''s poetry، it aims to examine the possibility of applying this theory to other poetry especially the contemporary Iranian poetry.

«Personal pronouns» is one of the important issues in Persian grammar that most of the linguists and grammarians have dealt in their works and more or less presented a similar definition to the subject. In general، personal pronouns in Persian language and most of the related text have been applied in the same way; but with reference to the presence of some of the linguistic features in some ancient texts that are outcome of their relationships with diverse periods and geographical domains، it is possible that personal pronouns could have been used to some extent in different forms. The current paper intends to show the manner and different applications of personal pronouns in Tabaqat-al-Sufiyya، their origin and ratio of homogeneity and non-homogeneity of the book with other ancient texts. The personal pronouns in this text have often been used jointly with other texts or in certain cases different from them. Here، we primarily focuses on the usage of personal pronouns in Tabaqat-al-Sufiyya and ancient Herat dialects and remember them as «shebhe shenase». Specific usage of personal pronouns، specially «shebhe shenase» in ancient Herat dialects and Tabaghat is influenced by moderate Persian. From the point of view of its objectives، the current research is an applied in nature which has been accomplished through descriptive-analytical method after a detailed study of Tabaqat-al-Sufiyya and some other sources.

This paper deals with the study of epenthesis in Persian language. Epenthesis is an intrusion process in which a phoneme is added to a word. Epenthesis has two types in Persian language: excrescence and anaptyxis. This article talks about both types of epenthesis. By examining the data and proposing two hypotheses، it is concluded that excrescence is an obligatory process in Persian language for changing an unacceptable syllable structure into an acceptable one. In this process، ten consonants appear between two vowels under morphological، syntactic and phonetic conditions. But anaptyxis in original Persian words is an arbitrary and stylistic process، which is used to ease the pronunciation and to melodize the words. The anaptyxis in loan words is used to break the consonant cluster in the beginning of the word، so that the word formation becomes in accordance with the syllabification rules.

This study tries to examine the syntactic characteristics of imperative structures with figurative meaning in the Russian language and the manner of their translation and description in Persian. Grammatical forms in the Russian language، apart from their original meaning، can also be applied in auxiliary and figurative meanings. The imperative mood in this language is not exempted from this rule. The original meaning of imperative mood predicates to an action that has been requested i. e. when a person commands someone to do an action. The imperative mood in the Russian language، with giving away its original meaning، is applied for expressing various grammatical meanings such as action conditions، necessity، possibility to perform an action، unexpected action and so on. This research is aimed at finding an answer to this question، that whether such structures with figurative meanings have special syntactic characteristics، compared to the structures with direct meaning، and is there any relationship between direct and figurative meanings in these structures? In this article، we will analyze 11 most important figurative meanings of imperative constructions in the Russian language، embedded in more than 60 examples، and will study the most common methods of their translation into the Persian language. Analyzing the syntactic and grammatical characteristics of imperative constructions with figurative meaning in the Russian language and various methods of their translation into Persian، due to fundamental syntactic and structural differences of basic and target languages are the most important aims of this study.

The current research، taking into account three standards of Beaugrande & Dressler’s textual-cognitive model i. e. cohesion، coherence، intertextuality، explains the four-fold stages of textual perception in Sohrab Sepehrie''s poetic collection Zendegi-ye Khwabhâ (Dreams’ Life). The aim of the study is to find a new analytical method of the contemporary poetry that is identified through the text hence; it is a collection of identical and mental processes that gradually ring forth the method of understanding and stages of perception to readers. Based on the above model، this study elaborates on a quadric procedure، consisting of parsing، concept recovery، idea recovery and plan recovery for perceiving Sepehrie’s poetry. Here، “parsing” is achieved through collocation; “concept recovery”، through finding the schema; “idea recovery” through taking a sequence of actions and looking for background knowledge and intertextuality; and finally the “plan recovery” through attachment. In other words، a receiver arrives at sequence of actions following collocations that fills the gap in the text and discovers the poet’s schema through sharing his/her background information with instances of intertextuality. Sepehrie succeeded in expressing his metaphysical experiences in a compact way through repeating and describing a chain schema via appealing to surrealism and mysticism as elements of intertextuality.

Human beings have interactional nature، and with the passage of time، always try to present their ideas، expectations، and worldviews to the humanity. In the past، since the mass media was not easily accessible to everyone، graffiti was considered a powerful tool for transmitting thoughts and inclinations. In other words، as graffiti is affected by a specific line of thinking، it is possible to follow linguistic and cultural patterns. The current paper tries to investigate the existing common linguistic patterns in English and Persian graffiti in order to understand their social and behavioral patterns better. The research findings show that graffiti follow a distinguished linguistic pattern and are systematic، in a way that they can be compared with seven linguistic functions of Halliday. By systematic، it means that the graffiti can be analyzed through linguistic and cultural frameworks. However، the results showed that there are some differences in English and Persian graffiti. In Persian graffiti، instrumental، imaginative، and interactional designs are frequent. The research analysis that has been conducted in the social domain verifies the existence of such features in the East. In English graffiti، too، personal and regulatory functions more frequent than the Persian ones and these differences are also related to cultural indices of the two languages.

A research on reference assignment points to two types of discourse-linked and non-discourse-linked referential status. To explain that whether or not the antecedent information previously existed in the discourse، this paper، by presenting testimonies and samples from the Persian language as well as using the Syntax-Discourse Model tries to determine that the reflexive and personal pronouns of Persian in some cases are discourse-linked. First، the paper introduces discourse-linked and non-discourse-linked referential status. Then، by comparing the Syntax-Discourse Model and Chomsky’s Binding Theory، the paper exemplifies cases to show that the Binding Theory not fruitful، at all، in explaining them and hence، take up the principles of Syntax-Discourse Model to explained and proved them.